The big story in December was a paper (What’s a mother to do? The division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia) published in the journal Current Anthropology, by Steven L Kuhn and Mary C Stiner, two anthropologists at the University of Arizona. What the paper essentially says is that modern humans outlasted Neandertals in the survival race because modern humans developed division of labour among sexes, whereas among Neandertals even women and children joined in the big hunt for large game – a perilous lifestyle that put their reproductive core at risk. The link above only leads to the abstract, you have to be a subscriber to read the full text, but I could swear I saw a link to the free full text somewhere, probably on a pirate site. I closed it then to read it later, and I can’t find it anymore.
The paper was first covered by Nicholas Wade in his science column for the New York Times (Neanderthal women joined men in the hunt) in which he summarises:
Because modern humans exploited the environment more efficiently, by having men hunt large game and women gather small game and plant foods, their populations would have outgrown those of the Neanderthals.
Soon, the story was picked up by bloggers, and word was out, in a tongue in cheek way, that ‘feminism killed off the Neanderthals’.
Not everybody agrees, however. John Hawks, in his excellent blog writes:
But first, let me just say this: ten years ago, we were arguing about whether Neandertals could hunt at all, or whether instead they were ineffective scavengers depending on carnivore handouts.
I suppose those days must be behind us, because now we read Neandertals were such committed big game hunters that they needed their females and kids to hunt along with them, which fatally compromised their ability to find and exploit small animals and plant foods.
Apparently it took some tropical mojo to make modern women realize they could eat plant foods like every other primate.
And then in another post goes into a detailed criticism of the Kuhn – Stiner hypothesis. He concludes:
To the extent that we can compare with living and prehistoric humans, there is no support for the idea that Neandertals went extinct because their women spent too much time hunting. There are positive reasons that refute this idea — most importantly, the demonstrated dietary flexibility of Neandertals and other archaic humans, which would have enabled Neandertal women to exploit a systematic plant and small animal collection strategy if it actually had increased their fitness. The fact that they did not do so is probably a reflection of their ecology, not their social organization.
It remains difficult or impossible to refute mere possibilities on the basis of the archaeological and fossil record. But we should remember that such mere possibilities are not testable hypotheses.
Certainly, some Neandertal women may have hunted along with Neandertal men. Maybe they were Neandertal Amazons who severed a breast to better thrust spears into roaming bison. After all, we know that they were capable of amputating limbs, so why not?
The “why not” in this case is, obviously, that Neandertal Amazons are a product of fantasy. Sure, the fossil record cannot rule out the possibility that they existed. But comparisons with our everyday experience and our knowledge of variation in other species both tend to indicate that such a curious adaptation would be unlikely.
The same is true of Kuhn and Stiner’s model. A deerstalking Neandertal woman is by no means impossible. Maybe they spent a lot of time hunting, who knows? The problem is that there is no evidence that they did so.
I hope to see more on this.